Process Of Cross Domain Mapping Psychology Essay

Analyse the marketing environment of Dominos Pizza (UK) (worth 60 per Essay

Examine the promoting condition of Dominos Pizza (UK) (worth 60 percent of imprint) and Critically assess how this association is reacting to its changi - Essay Example The organization at long last opened up to the world in 2004, and had the option to decrease its $908 million obligation. This paper will completely talk about the SWOT examination of an organization alongside different components that essentially sway the organization’s mission to turn into a pioneer in its market. An exhaustive investigation of the organization through the SWOT examination shows a few things about the company. The organization has a strong brand notoriety, which empowers it to have some bit of leeway over its rivals. Furthermore, the organization has an astounding promoting technique that regularly shows the organization’s want to improve in each viewpoint. Besides, the organization has phenomenal activities the executives chain arrangements, which permits it to dispense its assets adequately (â€Å"The pizza wars†). In addition, with the approach of the innovation, 21.8% of the pizzas in UK are conveyed by means of the web. Arjun Sen, administrator of the Restaurant Marketing bunch expressed around hardly any unforgiving expressions of Domino’s expressing, â€Å"Domino’s needs to characterize what it obviously remains in the brains of the pizza consumers.† (â€Å"The pizza wars†). Despite the fact that it has met with late analysis, t he representatives are persuaded to work more enthusiastically with the gourmet specialists to secure the company’s brand. In view of that, Domino’s chose to attempt cheddar bacon pizza dissolve to speak to its burger sweetheart clients. The organization can serve conventional quality food at a reasonable cost with sterile conditions, which gives it to some degree edge over its competitors(â€Å"The pizza wars†) Overall, the organization is adjusting great to the progressions made by the head administrators. The redesign of the formula of the pizzas was an exceptionally effective methodology towards bringing back clients. The organization keeps on adjusting to new innovation to serve its clients in a profoundly in vogue way. In spite of the fact that the organization seems to have qualities, it additionally has certain shortcomings. The organization continually battles to handle the issue of

The Snowflake Method How to Design Your Story from a Simple Premise

The Snowflake Method How to Design Your Story from a Simple Premise When youre a writer, its likely that you often daydream about the kinds of stories that youd like to write down. You may be the type of writer where you have everything in your novel perfectly crafted in your headâ€"from how youre going to introduce the characters to how theyll overcome the obstacles in the third act to how youll end it (either resolve everything neat and tidy or leave it hanging for a second or third installment of the story). And the writing process is merely just your fingers doing the walking and pouring out everything thats in your brain.Or you could be like the rest of us and not have the slightest idea of how youre going to attack the story in your novel, which makes the idea of sitting down to write a book pretty overwhelming (and lets face it, pretty scary). You can approach novel writing in many different ways, but one of our favorite processes is called The Snowflake Method. This approach is one of the best ways for writersâ€"especially those writers who d ont have a ton of experience in story drafting or plottingâ€"to get a story on the page. Because at the end of the day, it doesnt matter if youre using theories and writing approaches you learned from your MFA or if this is your very first experience with writing. All that matters is that you get words on the page and let the characters tell their story.Lets go over what the snowflake is, how to use it, why its so beneficial to writers, and some concrete examples to look at so you can model your own writing after it.What the Snowflake Method isAmerican author, writing coach, and physicist (yes, you read that right) Randy Ingermanson came up with the Snowflake Method to help writers create an outline by starting with the most basic information about the story and working your way up to the nitty gritty details like the plot and the character descriptions. Once you complete the Snowflake Method, youll have yourself a pretty fleshed out storyâ€"with the idea that youll easily be able t o get drafting right away.His writing method was based on the mathematical concept of fractals, and specifically focused on the Koch Snowflake. (For those of us who are not mathematically inclined, the easiest way to explain the Koch Snowflake is that it starts out as an equilateral triangle and eventually evolves into a snowflake that has never-ending infinitely complex shapes.) As you can imagine, your novel outline will start out as a simple shape and then get infinitely more complex as your progress through each planning stage.So now that you have a loose idea of what the Snowflake Method is, lets dive into how it all exactly worksâ€"with detailed steps so you can follow along.How the Snowflake Method worksWhen youre planning out your novel using the Snowflake Method, here are the steps youll need to follow:Step 1: Come up with a quick one-sentence summary of your novelBegin with a one-sentence summary of your novel. Avoid using overly descriptive phrases at this step.Youve had this idea in your head for a while nowâ€"your novel. Now its actually time to put the idea onto paper (or Google Docs, Microsoft Word, your phone, etc.) by writing down a quick one-sentence summary of what your novel is about. You can also think of this as your elevator speech or your hook to get people interested in your story.Example:A woman locks eyes with someone and later finds out hes dating her best friend.OrA boy runs away and helps a slave down the Mississippi to find his freedom.This is a good exercise to start with because it not only helps you encapsulate your story and break it down to a very simple level, but it also helps you come up with the general theme of your story. Whenever the writing process begins to be too much and you start to lose the entire point, refer back to this one-sentence summary often so it can help guide you back into place and zoom out so you can remember what the whole story should be about.If you can, try to avoid descriptions and keep it at 1 5 words or fewer. So, essentially dont include any names, specific information about characters or even in some cases where theyre at (especially if you dont exactly know yet).Step 2: Grow the one-sentence summary into a paragraphGrow the summary into a paragraph, with multiple plot points. What started out as a triangle should now evolve into a star shape.Remember that Koch snowflake that we mentioned earlier? Well, if it started out as a triangle, now its going to evolve into a star, which will be your one-paragraph summary. Now that we have a nice, neat sentence that describes what the book is about, were going to expand it into a paragraph that gives more details about the story in five sentences.This is going to be a meatier version that describes the major plot points and takes you from a simple idea into a proper three-act structure. If youre writing non-fiction, the Snowflake Method can also work for youâ€"instead of three acts, youll be determining the problem that your boo k will talk about, how to solve the problem (or some theories on how to solve), and then how to go about this solution.For those writing traditional fiction, youll want to cover all your plot points in the three-act structure, which include the following:The setup: Your characters are in the status quo, and you get to learn about their everyday life and what current challenges they face.Plot point #1 (or the inciting incident): This is the event that puts your character in the middle of an adventure. It either starts your character out on a journey or throws your character in action somehow.The mid-point: Essentially this is what happens in the story when the story is progressing and things start to get worse.Plot point #2 (or the hit rock bottom part): Your character was making progress on the goal, but now theyve hit rock bottom and have to figure out a way to once and for all solve the conflictâ€"for better or worse.The climax and resolution: The final battle is being fought (lit erally or figuratively) and your character either triumphs or doesnt. Either way, the novels loose ends will be tied up and the story will end.You definitely want to spend more time on this second step than you did on the first step in the Snowflake Method. So, if you get stuck, dont be afraid to come back to it and try again. This is one of the most important building blocks for the rest of your snowflake plot.Step 3: Adding character summariesAdd character summaries, including their motivations. Who are they and what do they hope to achieve?Now that you have a basic and more expanded version of your plot, its time to focus on one of the other most important parts of your story: the characters. Our favorite characters can make us feel hopeful, make us downright angry, and even make us feel like weve made a friend.In this step of the Snowflake Method, youll be sketching out some basic facts about your character, including their name as well as their motivations (as in, what is drivi ng them and keeps them going). In addition to names and motivations, youll also want to write down their goals (what tangible things do they want or what do they want to achieve?) and their conflicts (what prevents them from obtaining this goal that they have).You might also want to include information about how they solve these conflicts. Remember, if something doesnt quite fit or you decide that you actually hate the names you come up with, you can always change it up later.Step 4: Take your one-paragraph summary and expand it into a full pageExpand the one-paragraph summary into a full page. Your original triangle should now begin to look like a snowflake.Your original triangle has now begun to take shape as a full-fledged snowflakeâ€"with increasingly complex edges. Now youll be taking your paragraph summary of your plot that you wrote earlier and turning it into a full page of plot points.This step will take you at least a few hours, especially if you havent really thought out the finer details of your plot yet. To make your one-page plot summary useful, develop it into paragraphs that end with a major plot point or cliffhanger. By the last paragraph, you should know exactly how the novel will end (can you believe it?).Step 5: Develop character Bible and synopses for major and minor playersDevelop a character Bible and synopses for major and minor players. This is a process of diving deeper into your characters.Your triangular looking snowflake has now developed into a more realistic looking oneâ€"and now youre at the stage where youll be adding some depth and drama to your characters. Now that you have your character summaries and your thoroughly explained plot, youre ready to dive deeper into who your characters are.This step can be pretty challenging. Youre essentially being asked to write down some fairly intimate details of people (or beings) that youve never metâ€"all being harnessed by the creativity of your imagination.The task for this step is to create a one-page profile for each major character and a half-page for each minor one (AKA a Character Bible). This can definitely take a while if you are planning on introducing a large cast of characters, but its time well spent up front. This time-intensive step will also help you out later when youre trying to determine a characters motivation because you can refer to their backstory, history, personality, motivations, and most interesting of all, their desires.Once youve completed the Character Bible, youll now want to write a synopsis for every characterâ€"or the arc of every characters story for the entire novel. These synopses will help you know at any point in the book what each character should be doing and what they will know.Step 6: Write a four-page summary and complete a scene listCreate a four-page summary and scene list. The scene list will be invaluable as you begin to write your novel.Weve now created a one-sentence summary, a paragraph summary, added character su mmaries, written a one-page summary, and developed Character Bibles and synopses for all your major and minor characters. Whew! Are you feeling more prepared to write your novel or just feeling plain tired?Weve finally arrived at the last step, which is to write a four-page summary and a scene list. To help you out with the four-page summary, all you need to do is take those different paragraphs in your one-page summary and expand them to fill four pages. Just like in every step, try to keep it less flowery and more direct and to the point (in other words, this is not the time or place to flex that descriptive writer muscle).If you get stuck trying to expand it, the easiest way to think about it is the following:The first act is the first page of your summaryThe second act is the second page of your summaryThe third act is the third page of your summaryThe ending is the fourth page of your summaryAfter youve completed the four-page summary, youll now move on to a scene list. This is the part of the Snowflake Method where you will write out what happens in each scene in the novelâ€"this could be separated by chapter, or you could have more than one scene per chapter (it all depends on how youd like the pacing to go).And after your scene list is complete, theoretically youll be ready to write! Can you believe that you started out with just an idea for a novel and now its been expanded to several pages of documentation that outline exactly how youll need to write it?Now all youll need is a good strong cup of coffee and some motivation to sit down and get some words on the page.The Snowflake Method steps beyond the first sixLoved what you saw in the first six steps of the Ingermanson process? There are a few more extra steps you can follow that are even more in-depth if youd like to plot even more before you begin the actual writing process.The seventh step involves writing and sketching out character charts. This step can be especially helpful to those who are mo re of a visual personâ€"so dont be afraid to draw pictures or symbols that will assist you in literally drawing out the character even more.The eighth step of the Snowflake Method involves taking that scene list and making a spreadsheet with one line per scene. (If youre more inclined to use analog tools, you could also write these down on note cards or a series of post-it notes that you can stick on or around your computer.) The main idea with this step is just that youll always have an easily accessible list of your scenes right in front of you so it can guide you on the way to completing your novel.The ninth step of the Ingermanson process is to take each scene from step eight and then write a multi-paragraph summary of the scene. If you decided to list each scene in a spreadsheet, copy and paste the line into a separate document and expand on what happens. This will really get you into the nitty gritty details of whats going on with your plot, what your characters are doing, and how theyre feeling during a particular point in the story. Though this step may take a while, can you even imagine how immensely helpful it will be to have all of this information sorted out in front of you?Having all of the scenes listed and in full detail will also be a prime opportunity for you to take a step back and look at everything together. When examining your scene descriptions, ask yourself the following questions:Does the conflict get solved?Are there any plot holes?Do all of the characters have a defined arc? (As in, do you have any characters that seem to be out of place or who dont have definitive plots that wrap up in the end?)Are the scenes in the correct order?Is the tension of the plot sufficient?Is the pacing pretty even, or could it stand to be sped up or slowed down in certain spots?If you get brave enough, sending the expanded scene descriptions to a friend is a great way to get feedback on your plot before you even begin writing. This way, you can know if so mething needs to be revised before youve written thousands of words. At this point itll be way easier to fix something in your planning phase rather than trying to comb through all of your words and edit in order to close up a loose plot point.Finally, the tenth step is actually sitting down to write the first draft of the novel. The whole point of doing this exercise is so that once you have that blinking cursor on page one of your novel that youre much less likely to get stuck or have writers block.Plus, because you have everything plotted out, you could maybe even churn out a novel in just a few short weeks or months (as opposed to long, gregarious process that it ordinarily takes when youre still thinking of plot points and character development).However, its important to note that even though youve plotted everything out that you shouldnt be married to anything. You never know when one of your characters will do something unpredictable.Why the Snowflake Method is beneficial to writersIf writing down plot points and sketching out characters doesnt sound like your idea of a fun day, then you may be wondering Is the Snowflake Method really for me?The Snowflake Method certainly isnt for everyone, but it really works for those writers who need the following:Help with plot holesCreating a guide that takes you through the entire novelâ€"without even having typed out a single sentence on your official draftSomething to refer back to if you get stuck during the (often frustrating) writing processA spark of creativity when you hit a brick wallA strategic plan that can give you the confidence to get started in your writingThe Snowflake Method can also be useful to someone who may have started writing a novel and who got completely stuck. This can guide you back to fixing plot holes that you may have created and help you understand why a certain character is motivated to do something (or not do something).This method can also assist first-time writers or novelists st art the process when they really have no idea how to begin or theyve never had any formal instruction on story, character, or plot.Some writers swear by this method and others wouldnt touch it with a nine-foot pole (preferring their own method or adopting another common writing process like a plot development chart), but until you try it you may never know the genius of Ingermansons process.

Freedom or Liberty - 1145 Words

Freedom and Liberty Every day the federal government as well as state and local government pass laws to make us a safer society. As they make society safer they are slowly chewing away at our rights, liberties, and personal freedom. Where is the balance? A serf toiling away in a field had very little liberty. He couldn’t vote and didn’t have any true freedom of speech or assembly. But he did have freedom to think his own thoughts, and he was given by his creator the right to moral agency. Within his confined world, he had the freedom to make choices, either good or bad. We now have laws regulating everything. We are forced to wear seatbelts, to wear motorcycle helmets. Smokers can’t even smoke outside. Kids are†¦show more content†¦(Thomas Jefferson) It is the hopeful goal of liberty that citizens govern their government rather than the reverse. We â€Å"The People† are charged with the protection of our liberties, and we should guard against tyrannical figures imposing intended wills upon that of our own. To regenerate the process in today’s America, we must demand regulation of soft money in politics. Personal or corporate interests cannot dominate the political landscape. If we truly believe that every voice has value, then we cannot continue to give merit to special interests. As stated before, our legislature must be made of the people and for the people. If we divert and move with speed to this end, then we truly we will have government of the people and for the people. But†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦if it wasn’t for central government†¦..there would be no civil rights legislation, there would be no title 9. We are now in the twenty first century, and the world has changed since 1776. And there are prices to pay if the government is going toShow MoreRelatedThe American Liberty And Freedom944 Words   |  4 Pageshistory we have seen how American liberty and freedom is always centered on the dominant white male image. As time continues on those of minority decent have had work twice as hard to receive the same level of equality as all whites both male and female. Women and African Americans have struggled much more because back then white men believed that they couldn’t be trusted and that they were not worthy of holding power. The inequality of American liberties and freedom has been displayed recently whenRead MoreFreedom, Liberty, and Independence 1302 Words   |  6 Pages held strong in their beliefs and the pursuit of their individual ri ghts of freedom, liberty, and independence. The Jacksonian period was a time in American history that has been personified as a time of extreme change and upheaval in the areas of economic growth, political interests, and expansion. 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Vermont Senator and 2016 Presidential election candidate, Bernie Sanders, was one of the biggest supporters of tuition-free colleges. He introduced an idea that not only was completely doable but highlighted main reasons why we

The Biggest Crisis We Face Today Human Overpopulation

The Biggest Crisis We Face Today: Human Overpopulation There are many causes for overpopulation than just increasing numbers of people. Modern technology, improved medicine, more opportunities to get out of poverty, low fatality rates, immigration, and the lack of family planning (Rinkesh); all lead to overpopulation. Earth is home to 7.2 billion people. A research of 2015 (infoplease) shows that most of the world s population lies with the two largest countries in Asia: China and India. As of the last study of the world s population, China has 1.3 billion residents, while India has 1.2 billion. The population has grown since 1950 because of the demands it has to fit a productive and fast-growing country. Even Though America s population growth is one percent a year, we happen to use twenty-five percent of the world s greenhouse gasses and twenty-five percent of the world s energy. 114 billion Americans consume energy for 1.2 billion Africans! Because of the Bubonic Plague in the 1400 s, twenty-five million people were the victims of the deadly disease. Back then the population was only in the millions (500 to be exact). Twenty-five of five hundred million is five percent, meaning that five percent of the world s population was lost. Even Though, five percent does not seem as such a drastic change on the world, the Bubonic Plague occurred in Europe and parts of Asia. The Bubonic Plague was caused by fleas and rats, fleas that feasted on rats blood, or just simplyShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Space Research1329 Words   |  6 Pages The government must continue to fund space research in order to colonize and contain the current overpopulation as well as other global issues on Earth. 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Overpopulation facts 3.1 Causes of Overpopulation 3.2 Effects of Overpopulation 3.3 Solutions to Overpopulation 4. Manila: A megacity where the living must share with the dead ( Jenny Kleeman’s Article ) 5. Conclusion Read MoreA Market Based And An Institutional Approach Essay1274 Words   |  6 Pageswill do just that. Out of the four paths outlined by Clapp and Dauvergne, I believe that Bioenviromentalism is the most realistic and effective way to create change while being conscious of human instinct and our role as species on Earth. However, I see a lot of value in the market-liberal method as long as we are careful in its execution and aware of its potential flaws. Institutionalism sees our current environmental stress as being due to â€Å"weak institutions and inadequate global cooperation toRead MoreBusiness Ethics Study Poerty in America1612 Words   |  7 Pages1930’s, where a time where four million Americans had fallen into poverty. 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Let first define poverty so we can have a clear understanding with what are we going to discuss. From a WebsterRead MoreWhat Are the Causes of Poverty in Philippine Economy?4887 Words   |  20 Pagessimple problem because now days we are facing mass poverty. For all the magnificent testimonies to man’s superior skill and intellect in producing today’s level of cultural development, he still has to find the solution to mass poverty. Whether the government would admit it or not, it is very clear even with our bare eyes that we our suffering a lot from poverty .But what is poverty anyway? Let first define poverty so we can have a clear understanding with what are we going to discuss. From a WebsterRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38427 Words    |  154 Pagescommunication, the way we work, our housing, clothes, and food, our methods of transportation, and, indeed, even the length and quality of life itself, science has generated changes in the moral values and basic philosophies of mankind. Beginning with the plow, science has changed how we live and what we believe. By making life easier, science has given man the chance to pursue societal concerns such as ethics, aesthetics, education, and justice; to create cultures; and to improve human conditions. But

No Doubts of a Shadow Free Essays

string(141) " that shines through the windows produces more sinister shadows because of the overhanging trees and partially closed Venetian style blinds\." The quiet town of Santa Rosa, California, is a prime example of an idealistic community in which many Americans in the 1940s would have considered to be a wonderful place to settle down into and raise a family. Alfred Hitchcock sought to portray this idea through his film titled, Shadow of a Doubt, which he produced and directed in 1943. The original screenplay is written by playwright Thornton Wilder. We will write a custom essay sample on No Doubts of a Shadow or any similar topic only for you Order Now This film revolves around the strange relationship between Charlotte ‘Charlie’ Newton (Teresa Wright) and her mysterious Uncle, Charlie Oakley (Joseph Cotton), whom she was named after, and how his secret of being a strangling psychopathic murderer affected this relationship. By examining the film’s Mise en scene, narrative structure, and camera movement, one can see the various ways in which Hitchcock uses suspense to extensively convey how young Charlie begins to grow strangely suspicious of her cryptic guest, Uncle Charlie.This is significant because through these elements Hitchcock is then able to successfully illustrate and present Shadow of a Doubt as a classic example of film noir. Originating from France, the term Film Noir literally means ‘black film’ in French. Mainly developing in the early 1940s, the style of Film Noir became popular among American Cinema, post World War II. Though there is no exact definition of this term, there are key elements in which constitutes a film to be considered a Film Noir.The elements usually include unique canted camera angles, low key lighting, which creates gloomy settings and ominous shadows, sexual insinuation between characters, cynical persons, acts of violent crime, foreboding background music, and in many cases, a fatal woman, also known as femme fatale, meaning fatale woman in French. With all of these components combined, a dark atmosphere of pessimism is then created within a film which makes it out to be a ‘black film’. Camera Angles Film noirs have unique camera angles in which distinguishes t from other film styles. Specifically, a key scene which depicts this is when detectives, pret ending to be Uncle Charlie’s friends, show up at a street corner to spy on Uncle Charlie. Starting off by using a deep focus shot of the two detectives and Uncle Charlie passing them by, Hitchcock forms a great sequence of scenes in which the two detectives chase Uncle Charlie through city blocks. A notable shot is when Hitchcock cuts to high-angle, also known as a ’God shot’ or ‘bird’s eye view’ allows the audience to see the chase from very high elevated angle.The next cut shows Uncle Charlie disappearing behind a building, stumping the cops. Hitchcock then uses a panning shot to rediscover Uncle Charlie who is blowing smoke from a cigar and watching the baffled cops from the same angle from which the shot is being taken. Dark Lighting Low key lighting is one of, if not the most, crucial concept of a film noir. In Shadow of a Doubt, lighting plays a key role in effecting how the mood and atmosphere of a film develops. Hitchcock intelligently presents this technique through the first two main scenes of the film. The first scene introduces the character of Uncle Charlie. This scene starts out with a medium shot of Uncle Charlie wearing a fine, dark colored suit, lying stiffly on his bed smoking a cigar, inside his dimly lit apartment. This is where the technique of low key lighting can first be seen. As the light shines through the curtains, a series of shadows is then casted upon Uncle Charlie’s face as well as on the furniture inside the apartment complex. This scene elaborates even more so on the concepts of dark lighting and shadows when Mrs.Martin (Constance Purdy), the landlady, comes into the room and speaks with Uncle Charlie. Referring to him as Mr. Spencer she informs him about two men who came looking for him; later in the film these two men turn out to be detectives. As Mrs. Martin begins to leave, she pulls the blinds to completely shut them, thus creating an even darker setting. By the uncanny music that begins to play right after Mrs. Martin does this, along with a simultaneous close up shot of Uncle Charlie’s face in darkness, allocates that Hitchcock was trying to implant the idea thatUncle Charlie was a dark figure. By using this type of lighting, along with Uncle Charlie’s coarse voice, and emotionless expression, Hitchcock successfully generates this eerie feeling. The use of low key lighting in this film can be further seen with the second main scene where Young Charlie is introduced. This scene begins with Young Charlie lying on her bed, pondering thoughts, in the same posture as Uncle Charlie was in the first scene. The lighting in this scene is very bright compared to Uncle Charlie’s apartment.Young Charlie throughout her scene unconsciously keeps her face out of shadows. For example when Young Charlie’s mother, Emma Newton (Patricia Collinge) comes back from doing errands, she sits on Charlie’s bed quite abruptly and directly casts a shadow upon Young Charlie’s face. Young Charlie then sits up immediately in a sense to avoid having her face be in a dark shadow. What is so significant about this scene is how Hitchcock is able to adequately present the style of film noir’s main purpose of contrasting light and dark aspects while portraying the characters persona at the same time.For example, Uncle Charlie can be quickly seen as playing the role of the antagonist, the villain, because his face is constantly covered by a shadow, this can be seen not just in the first scene but throughout the entire film. As for Young Charlie, because her face is frequently illuminated by light all throughout the film, one can say that she is the ‘good’ guy, the savior. The main difference between the two scenes is that the low key lighting effectively creates different types of shadows creating two different types of moods.In Uncle Charlie’s apartment, the light that shines through the windows produces more sinister shadows because of the overhanging trees and partially closed Venetian style blinds. You read "No Doubts of a Shadow" in category "Papers" In the second scene, the mood of Young Charlie’s room is more uplifting because the windows are more opened allowing more light to be let into her room. Also her lacey curtains create a flowery and more appealing effect when casted upon the wall, which lightens the mood and allows the audience to view her as a good and righteous character contrast to Uncle Charlie’s character.Hitchcock purposely parallels these first two scenes together to show not only that the two characters are opposites of each other but also that the two share a close relationship. Sexual Insinuation Aside from low key lighting, film noir also has a tendency to suggest sexual tension and insinuation between characters in its style as well. The relationship between Uncle Charlie and Young Charlie at first was admirable, but over time it augmented into a much closer relationship, almost even a sexual one.When Uncle Charlie arrives on the train in Santa Rosa, Young Charlie is ecstatic and even goes out of her way to make him feel comfortable; she even insists on Uncle Charlie staying in her room. More specifically, this could be seen in the scene where Uncle Charlie showers the family with gifts, giving Young Charlie a special emerald ring, this particular scene is shot in both medium close up shots and medium long shots. Located in the kitchen of the Newton residence, Young Charlie is falling into a deeper admiration of her uncle.Though Young Charlie does not say anything about being lovers in anyway, she still suggests that there is something more to their relationship than family relations. This is assumed from when Young Charlie says, â€Å"We’re not just an uncle and a niece. It’s something else. I know you. I know you don’t tell people a lot of things. I don’t either. I have a feeling that inside you there’s something nobody knows about . . . something secret and wonderful. I’ll find it out. † After she says this, Uncle Charlie takes her hand in his and places a ring on her finger.In a way, this is representing a union between the two, and in a sense he is expressing his love for her. Though only lasting for a few seconds, one could see how disturbing Uncle Charlie’s staring at Young Charlie is while she examines the ring. Though this is a prominent example of their strange relationship, there are multiple instances throughout the film that exposes their peculiar connection as well. Cynicism In a shot before this scene, Uncle Charlie is presents gifts to Emma, in which he also provides one of his speeches that express his cynicism.In this speech, directed towards Young Charlie, he describes how the world has changed for the worse, â€Å"Everyone was sweet and pretty then, Charlie. The whole world†¦ Wonderful world†¦ Not like today. Not like the world now. † Uncle Charlie’s character is a keen example of a cynical temperament in a film noir. Hitchcock presents Uncle Charlie’s views of the world to be very pessimistic through the speeches that he bestows upon Young Charlie. The second and maybe the most important speech Uncle Charlie makes is at the scene at the dinner table, when Emma inquires of what his lecture is to be about when he presents in front of her women’s group.In this particular speech, Uncle Charlie is very pessimistic, ranting that â€Å"The cities are full of women, middle-aged widows, husbands, dead, husbands who’ve spent their lives making fortunes, working and working. And then they die and leave their money to their wives, their silly wives. And what do the wives do, these useless women? You see them in the hotels, the best hotels, every day by the thousands, drinking the money, eating the money, losing the money at bridge, playing all day and all night, smelling of money, proud of their jewelry but of nothing else, horrible, faded, fat, greedy women. As he gives this speech, the camera zooms slowly into a more close up shot of Uncle Charlie until he finishes his speech, forcing the audience to pay attention to the seriousness and significance of his cynical character. Because of this speech, Uncle Charlie can be seen as a widow hater, but this speech may possibly even explain why he targets widows as his victims. The hatred that Uncle Charlie has leads to anger, which then leads to acts of crime. Acts of Violent Crime Just like low key lighting, the premise of crime is one of the main significant key elements that make a film noir, the film style that it is.Shadow of a Doubt is based mainly on the relationship between Young Charlie and her uncle, but what drives the plot of the story is crime itself. The purpose of the comedic dialogue between Young Charlie’s father, Joseph Newton (Henry Travers), and their neighbor, Herbie Hawkins (Hume Crony), throughout the film not only serves as comic relief but it is also there to implement the ongoing theme of crime. The biggest crime that affects the movie is Uncle Charlie’s murder of widows because it is the basis of the series of problems that occur throughout the film.Since this was a significant factor in the plot, its’ scene had to be equally fitting as well. This scene is very important because it incorporates the purpose of crime in this film noir and it also displays Hitchcock’s use of various shots and montage to portray the intense suspense. This specific scene is when Young Charlie is extremely suspicious of her uncle and races down to the library, before it closes, to ensure that her uncle is not a criminal. Hitchcock first uses a dissolving shot to show Young Charlie leaving her house and entering the city.The dissolving shot allows the audience to recognize that the shots are still in sequence even though each shot may be of a different setting. Next, Hitchcock uses a tracking shot to follow Charlie face forward as well as from the side, running to the library . After the tracking shot, fine editing is seen through the rapid cutting that was used, which gave a thrilling and suspenseful feel to the scene. Next in the library, Young Charlie opens up a newspaper and through the ‘point of view shot’ Uncle Charlie is in fact the ‘Merry Widow Murderer’ as she connects the headlines to the emerald ring he gifts to her.These scenes build suspense but the foreboding music in the background adds the definite mood of the scenes. Foreboding Music Music is very important when it comes to how a scene is portrayed by the audience. If the director wanted a scene to be scary, then eerie music would have to play in the background, but if the desire was for the scene to be in a pleasant mood, a more cheerful song would be used. By portraying suspense in this film noir, music is the definite key in affecting how the audience depicts the characters.By using the same example previously mentioned for low key lighting, the parallel scenes of Young Charlie and her uncle are prime examples of who they are as characters as well. The music in the background played a major part in this as well, though many times it goes unnoticed. For Uncle Charlie’s scene, when the blinds are shut, a shadow is casted upon his face and eerie, creepy music begins to play. For Young Charlie it is the total opposite, where more pleasurable music is placed in the background. At the beginning of the film there is a scene consisting of elegantly dressed men and women dancing to a waltz in a ballroom.This scene may be puzzling at first, but as the plot progresses, a better understanding of the film progresses as well. This specific scene re occurs a total of four times throughout the film, always accompanied by a haunting song, composed by Franz Lehar, called the ‘Merry Widow Waltz’. This particular music score is significant because it acts as a motif for Uncle Charlie’s guilt, for every time he hears this haunting song he would feel paranoid and fear. Femme Fatale Separate from eerie music, expressionistic lighting, and distinct camera angles, Femme Fatale is character/persona, who is essential to the styles of film noir.In French, the term means fatale woman, which is supposed to represent dangerous dames in film noir style films whom are the antagonists that are fatal to the male protagonists, but this concept is slightly twisted in Shadow of a Doubt. Though Young Charlie is not the antagonist she is still fatal to the leading male character, who is Uncle Charlie. This is shown in the scene where Young Charlie is trying to figure out the problem of the back stair case in which Uncle Charlie sets up a trick with the intentions of hurting Young Charlie because she knows that he is a psychopathic murderer.Shot with close up shots, this scene displays Young Charlie’s growth and courage she develops throughout the film. With minimal lighting, very dark shadows are casted, especially upon Uncle Charlie’s figure. Young C harlie strongly states to Uncle Charlie, â€Å"Go away, I’m warning you. Go away or I’ll kill you myself. See†¦ that’s the way I feel about you. † So in the end, Young Charlie is the femme fatale of this film noir, killing the Merry Widow Murderer. In conclusion, Shadow of a Doubt is an outstanding example ofAlfred Hitchcock’s work as well as the writing of Thornton Wilder. By placing secret motifs and symbols throughout the film, Hitchcock is able to portray the evil and darkness taking over the Newton residence in the innocent and wholesome town of Santa Rosa. This depiction shows how much thought and work was put into the production and the art of making this film. By employing innovative lighting techniques, divergent camera angles, the element of suspense, and other central components of film noir, Shadow of a Doubt easily became an early American film noir classic. How to cite No Doubts of a Shadow, Papers

Street Art

Street Art- Visual Arts Essay The visual arts are created based on ones influences and inspirations that surround them. Its a form of expression for most artists as this is how they communicate feelings without directly speaking them. Some artists practice is so powerful, it shapes and effects significant events in society. This is achieved by inspiring the audience who may change their mind about a certain issue or encourage the audience to embrace and support a significant issue/event/cause. Well renowned artists, Barbara Kruger and Jean-Michel Basque, are prime examples of artists whos practices in the visual arts have either shaped or been heaped by certain events throughout their life, Whether it be in their private lives or events occurring publicly that has an impact on a majority of people. The Barbara Kruger is an American conceptual/pop artist whose works focus mainly on feminism and the social and political stance of things. We will write a custom essay on Street Art- Visual Arts specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now She takes images from the mass media and pastes big, bold extracts over them such as aphorisms, questions and slogans, both meaningful and eye catching. Her images sometimes make you look twice to try and fully interpret what the text may mean as opposed to the picture and what she is trying to convey to the audience. Gougers artworks have definitely been shaped by events that have taken place and by the ways to elite back in the day, when females had a lot of restriction. Kruger being a feminist has always been against that and this is what inspires her to produce such truthful and powerful images. She has produced several artworks that are inspired by natural life experiences that every human shares and in life such as love (everybody can relate and this has been a prime factor influence that shape how many artists work, its inspiring, confusing, good and bad) as well as the problems of co-existence. These are uncontrollable in nature, they just occur. Other controlled experiences and ways of life are that Of consumerism, conformity and the female condition back in those days. These are all present in Think like us, look like us, Your body is a battleground, and love for sale by Barbara Kruger. Barbara Krueger artworks are created to either agree or oppose the way people think life should be and the rules that must be abided by. On the other hand Jean-Michel Bassists work deals with a completely different art scene but has had a great impact on society and events as does Barbara Gougers, He was a gritty, street-smart graffiti artist before his drug overdose, who focused on suggestive dichotomies such as wealth versus poverty, integration versus segregation and inner versus outer experience. His art practice was shaped by the traumatic events he went through as a child growing up, including having abusive parents and a suicidal mother, which then lead him to a troubled adulthood as well. He expresses this tonally in his works, however. Although his art career was brief, Jean-Michel Basque has been credited with bringing the African-American and Latino experience in the elite art world. He didnt want the black people and white people to be separated because of their color. He expresses his views on how the blacks were seen by painting El Grand Speculator (History of Black People). It was executed at the height of his artistic maturity before the urban energy on the streets of new York had been distorted by the artworks success and stardom. Its inspired by the Obvious events that took place in the asss towards the black people. The racism and criticism. These vents shaped his way of thinking and therefore hue also shaped his take on art and the artworks he makes. The events that a person experiences in their life can be enough to change them and for the artists, this may have an impact on their practices in the visual arts but it is not always a bad thing. From creating inspirational yet truthful art, sometimes that art may shape the events instead, it may shape the outside world. And how people view certain aspects of life, There is a lot that can change how an artist expresses themselves but then again there is a lot their art can change.

transgenic organisms essays

transgenic organisms essays Releasing a Transgenic Organism into Nature In the midst of our society's ever advancing biological technology, scientists have created a plant that is herbicide and pesticide resistant. The question of whether the public should have access to this controversial plant raised many bioethical questions. Farmers encouraged the sale of the plant because it would assist them financially and spare them unnecessary additional labor. They wouldn't have to worry about spraying their crops with herbicides and pesticides because the crops would already be equip to fight away bothersome weeds and pests. Environmentalists are split on the topic. Many strongly believe that the use of the transgenic plant in crops would greatly decrease the pollution that is typical of crops with "normal" plants. Whereas others feel that the plant should not be released into nature because it is believed that "mother nature" should be the only hand that regulates and advances the pace of nature. They are also nervous that possible cross-pollination between "normal" crops and transgenic crops could result in the production of super weeds that could rapidly spread. Leading to an ugly, very unwanted mess! Everything considered, I agree with most of the arguments both for and against the release of transgenic plants into nature. I believe that without taking a risk with our biological discoveries, our world will not evolve into something better; however, I also believe that before we expose the world to new technology, many tests and research should be performed to ensure that the product is safe for the environment, people, and animals. In a word, the only true solution to settle the dispute between the differing views on transgenic plants release into nature is compromise. ...

How to Get a Student Visa to the United States

How to Get a Student Visa to the United States Students who want to travel to the United States in order to study need to meet specific visa requirements. Other countries (UK, Canada, etc.) have different requirements that play an important role when deciding where to study English abroad. These student visa requirements may change from year to year. Types of Visas F-1 (student visa). The F-1 visa is for full-time students enrolled in an academic or language program. F-1 students may stay in the U.S. for the full length of their academic program, plus 60 days. F-1 students must maintain a full-time course load and complete their studies by the expiration date listed on the I-20 form. M-1 (student visa). The M-1 visa is for students who participate in vocational or other recognized nonacademic institutions, rather than language training programs. B (visitor visa). For short periods of study, such as a month at a language institute, a visitor visa (B) may be used. These courses do not count as credit toward a degree or academic certificate. Acceptance at a SEVP Approved School If you would like to study for a longer period of time, you must first apply and be accepted by a SEVP (Student and Exchange Visitor Progam) approved school. You can find out more about these schools at the Department of State Education USA website. After Acceptance Once you are accepted at  a SEVP-approved school, you will be enrolled in the Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS) - which also requires the payment of  a  SEVIS  I-901 fee of $200  at least three days before submitting your application for a U.S. visa. The school to which you have been accepted will provide you with a form I-20 to present to the consular officer at your visa interview. Who Should Apply If your course of study is more than 18 hours a week, you will need a student visa. If you are going to the U.S. primarily for tourism, but want to take a short course of study of less than 18 hours per week, you may be able to do so on a visitor visa. Waiting Time   There are several steps when applying. These steps may differ, depending on which U.S. embassy or consulate you choose for your application. Generally speaking, there is a three-stage process for obtaining a U.S. student visa: 1) Obtain an interview appointment 2) Take the interview 3) Get processed Allow six months for the entire process. Financial Considerations Students are also expected to show financial means to support themselves during their stay. Students are sometimes allowed to work part-time at the school they are attending. Student Visa Requirements Acceptance by university or learning institutionKnowledge of English language (usually established through TOEFL scores)Proof of financial resourcesProof of non-immigrant intent For more detailed information visit the US State Departments F-1 information page Tips Double check requirements at the consulate or embassy near you before beginning the process.Find out which school you would like to attend and make sure that it is SEVP-approved.Apply to the school you would like to attend before applying for a visa.Pay the SEVIS I-901 fee well before your visa Interview. Source Your 5 Steps to U.S. Study. EducationUSA.

Legal application Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Legal application - Essay Example It is essential to properly communicate with drawl of an offer to the offeree. Moreover, a revocation need not be in any particular form. An offer is considered to have been revoked if communication to the effect that the property has been sold reaches the offeree. Such a communication of revocation is valid, even if it is delivered to the offeree’s residence, place of business or agent. A valid contract results if the offeree accepts the offer before its revocation. Some exceptions are first, option contracts, in which the contract has to be kept open for a specified period of time and in which the offeror receives consideration for keeping the offer open. Second, firm offers, in such contracts the offeror cannot revoke the contract till such time as the expiration date of the contract is not over (Twomey 2004, p. 266). To prevent revocation of an offer, an option can be secured by a separate contract to make the offer irrevocable for a specified period of time. In Errington v Errington and Woods (1952) 1 KB 290,1 All ER 149 CA, the Court decided that a unilateral offer could not be withdrawn once performance had commenced, even though there would be no binding contract if the performance was left incomplete. Jack offered to sell a mobile phone to Cameron on the 2nd of October, stating that this offer would be valid for a week. Cameron informed his brother that he was interested in accepting Jack’s offer. On the 3rd of October, without the knowledge of Cameron, his brother gave this information to Jack. On the 4th of October, Jack, sold the mobile phone to Chad in the presence of his flatmate. This flatmate informed Cameron about this sale on the very same day of the sale. On the 5th of October, Cameron delivered a letter of acceptance to Jack but later in that day Jack informed Cameron that he had already sold

Comparing and Contrasting 2B or not 2B and Digital Media in Changing Research Paper - 1

Comparing and Contrasting 2B or not 2B and Digital Media in Changing Language - Research Paper Example In fact, texting has been confirmed to be one of the leading activities that have generated a lot of revenue for most telecommunication companies around the globe. Easy access to mobile phones to youths and school going students and pupils has seen increased use of text messages. This has raised concerns and has even led to debates on the issue of texting and how it would affect learner’s ability to read and write. Teachers and other experts in the field of education would want to know whether the use of text as a form of communication improves or negatively affects the literacy skills of the learner. Some people including authors have condemned texting and even gone an extra mile termed it as a digital virus. Texting has been associated with the invention of and access to mobile phones and personal computers with,n the past 20 years. This writes up looks at some of the reasons as to why texting has been condemned by various people and some of the devices facilitating its prol iferation within the young generation. In relation to 2B or not 2B, texting has been seen as an innovation that is destroying the English language. In fact, it has been perceived as an aspect that not only savages sentences but also rapes vocabulary in English. In addition to this, some writers say that texting encompasses poor spellings, hides dyslexia and is a clear indication of mental laziness in those using texts as a form of communication. People who employ texting as a form of communication make use of abbreviations, digits and even shortened words. Some authors and writers have seen no novelty in these aspects. They oppose texting because they believe that some of its aspects are meaningless and can be understood by people of one generation. An example of this is the use of texting in among the youths who are conversant with some of the texts used. On the other hand, parents and the older generation may not be able to connect some of the numbers, words or even short forms us ed to get the right meaning of the text.

Henry Ford :: essays research papers

Transportation has become a major necessity in today’s society. Without the industrial revolution introducing the automobile, most people would find it very hard and frustrating to get around. Henry Ford had become a big part of starting this faster and safer â€Å"transportation era†. His brilliant thoughts and ideas brought about things including the â€Å"assembly line† and the â€Å"Model T†. It is because of him we can generally travel without any major problems. Henry Ford was born on July 30, 1863 on a farm in Dearborn Michigan. Henry hated farm life and had a love and talent for running and fixing machinery. At the age of 15 he went to Detroit to train as a machinist. In 1888 he married Clara Bryant and had a son named Edsel Ford. In 1896, he completed his first automobile, the â€Å"Quadricycle† and in 1903 he founded the Ford Motor Company. Henry’s success was in fast motion and he was ready for anything that he was given. He was of ten known as â€Å"a little man challenging a monopoly†. This was just the beginning for Henry. He had no idea of how his name and how his product would take the industry to much higher heights. Clayton 2 In 1908 Henry brought about the Model T Ford. Henry’s company sold about 15 millions cars. This car is what Henry is best known for. Although Henry Ford was not the first man in history to create a vehicle with a motor, he was the originator of the â€Å"assembly line†. An assembly line is an arrangement of workers and tools in which the product passes from operation to operation until completed (Customs Dic. Microsoft Word). Although there are high tech. machines handling all the work in today’s factories, this assembly line was a brilliant idea for getting things done easier and quicker. Henry Ford started to age and realized that he could not run his business by himself. This is when he appointed his son, Edsel, to run the business for him. Unlike his father, Edsel went to Yale University and became very knowledgeable of machinery and the business behind it all. Henry Ford :: essays research papers Transportation has become a major necessity in today’s society. Without the industrial revolution introducing the automobile, most people would find it very hard and frustrating to get around. Henry Ford had become a big part of starting this faster and safer â€Å"transportation era†. His brilliant thoughts and ideas brought about things including the â€Å"assembly line† and the â€Å"Model T†. It is because of him we can generally travel without any major problems. Henry Ford was born on July 30, 1863 on a farm in Dearborn Michigan. Henry hated farm life and had a love and talent for running and fixing machinery. At the age of 15 he went to Detroit to train as a machinist. In 1888 he married Clara Bryant and had a son named Edsel Ford. In 1896, he completed his first automobile, the â€Å"Quadricycle† and in 1903 he founded the Ford Motor Company. Henry’s success was in fast motion and he was ready for anything that he was given. He was of ten known as â€Å"a little man challenging a monopoly†. This was just the beginning for Henry. He had no idea of how his name and how his product would take the industry to much higher heights. Clayton 2 In 1908 Henry brought about the Model T Ford. Henry’s company sold about 15 millions cars. This car is what Henry is best known for. Although Henry Ford was not the first man in history to create a vehicle with a motor, he was the originator of the â€Å"assembly line†. An assembly line is an arrangement of workers and tools in which the product passes from operation to operation until completed (Customs Dic. Microsoft Word). Although there are high tech. machines handling all the work in today’s factories, this assembly line was a brilliant idea for getting things done easier and quicker. Henry Ford started to age and realized that he could not run his business by himself. This is when he appointed his son, Edsel, to run the business for him. Unlike his father, Edsel went to Yale University and became very knowledgeable of machinery and the business behind it all.

Landers Corp

The message was seemingly received with mixed feelings because while Terry understood the need to keep his customer happy/satisfied, the customer's conduct does not live up to Terry's beliefs and values (family) and that is not being taken into consideration considered. Harry is seemingly putting his customer's needs ahead Of his employee's. 2. Should there be different standards for business entertainment based on organizational position within the company? Should Terry try to imitate Hardy's style?Imitating Harry style as it relates to showing his appreciation to his customers for their business and making an effort to get to know them on a personal level is indeed remarkable and makes good business sense. However, at Terry's level, he can ill-afford to entertain important clients at Harry level. While there should be different standards for business entertainment based on organizational position, allowances should be made for entertaining important customers at different levels. H ow can Terry control the conduct of a night on the town with George Whitehead? What other alternative does Terry have in gaining a personal relationship with George? Terry needs to exercise tact, caution and professionalism in addressing George prior to embarking on a night on the town. He certainly would not want to alienate such an important client but Terry must also maintain his core values and beliefs.Choosing a function where alcohol is not readily available or an event where the wives or significant other are invited would most likely curtail George's outlandish behavior and indicate to George Terry's values and core values. 4. What type of expense budgeting does this type of entertainment call for in practice? Expense budgets for accommodating such entertainment could be very large and presents the opportunity for lavish spending and abuse. However, at Terry's level,such budgets are most likely not available; they are probably reserved for the likes go Harry Wiley.

Purpose and goals of Factoring in business - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1653 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Factoring  is a  financial transaction  whereby a business sells its  accounts receivable  (i.e.,  invoices) to a third party (called a  factor) at a  discount  in exchange for immediate money with which to finance continued business. Factoring differs from a  bank loan  in three main ways. First, the emphasis is on the value of the  receivables (essentially a  financial asset), not the firms  credit worthiness. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Purpose and goals of Factoring in business" essay for you Create order Secondly, factoring is not a  loan   it is the purchase of a  financial asset  (the  receivable). Finally, a bank loan involves two parties whereas factoring involves three. Factoring is a method used by a firm to obtain Cash when the available Cash Balance held by the firm is insufficient to meet current obligations and accommodate its other cash needs, such as new orders or contracts. The use of Factoring to obtain the Cash needed to accommodate the firms immediate Cash needs will allow the firm to maintain a smaller ongoing Cash Balance. By reducing the size of its Cash Balances, more money is made available for investment in the firms growth. A company sells its invoices at a discount to their face value when it calculates that it will be better off using the proceeds to bolster its own growth than it would be by effectively functioning as its customers bank. Accordingly, Factoring occurs when the rate of return on the proceeds invested in pr oduction exceed the costs associated with Factoring the Receivables. Therefore, the trade off between the return the firm earns on investment in production and the cost of utilizing a Factor is crucial in determining both the extent Factoring is used and the quantity of Cash the firm holds on hand. The various steps involved in a Factoring is summarized in the below drawn diagram: The benefits of factoring The factoring services consist of four main functions: Finance for the supplier; the factoring  pays the client the amount necessary for his working, in exchange for his invoices. Maintenance of the receivables account; the factoring company manages the trade debts of the client, keeping the sales accounts ledgers and sending out the invoices. Collection of receivables; the factoring company collects the payments due from the debtors of the client. Protection against the default in payment by debtors; the factoring company carries the risk of any bad debt (if the debtor fails to pay). Factoring in India Factoring service in India is of recent origin. It owes its genesis to the recommendations of the Kalyanasundaram Study Group appointed by the RBI in 1989. Pursuant to the acceptance of these recommendations, the RBI issued guidelines for factoring services in 1990. An amendment was made in the Banking Regulation Act in 1983, whereby banks were permitted to provide these services either through their own departments or divisions or through their subsidiaries. Direct and indirect lending services were provided by setting up merchant banking and mutual funds subsidiaries. Factoring and forfaiting services were of recent origin following the recommendation of the Kalyansundram Committee, set up by the RBI in 1988. The Committee was constituted to examine the feasibility of factoring services in India, their constitution, organizational setup and scope of activities. The group recommended setting up of specified agencies or subsidiaries for providing the factoring services in India. While attempting to assess the potential demand for factoring services in India, the study group under the leadership of Mr. C. S. Kalyansundram estimated the value of outstanding open account credit sales available for financing during 1989-90 at Rs. 12,000 crore in respect of SSI and Rs. 4500 crore for medium and large scale sector. Assuming only 50% of the above business will be available for factoring; the aggregate potential demand for factoring was expected to be around Rs. 4000 crore per annum mainly emerging from the SSI and large and medium companies. The first factoring company was started by the SBI in 1991 namely Factors and Commercial Ltd. (SBI FACS) followed by Canara Bank and PNB, setting the subsidiaries for the purpose. While the SBI would provide such services in the Western region, the RBI has permitted the Canara Bank and PNB to concentrate on the Southern and Northern regions of the country, for providing such services for the customers. The major players si nce 1991 are Canbank Factors, SBI Factors and later Foremost Factors. The new entrants in the market include ICICI, HSBC and Global Trade Finance. Canbank Factors leads in the domestic market with about .65%-70%of the share. Growth of factoring in India has been far from slow. According to a World Bank report, Indias factoring activity grew by over 800% between 1998 and 2003. According to the latest report from Factors Chain International (FCI), the Indian factoring market has grown from Euro 1290 million to Euro 3560 million (a growth of 176%) between 2002 and 2006. The Vaghul Committee Report on Money Market Reforms has stressed on the need for factoring services to be developed in India as part of the money market instruments. Many new instruments had already been introduced like Commercial Paper (CP), Participation Certificates (PC), Certificates of Deposits etc. but the factoring service has not developed to any significant extent in India. According to Factors Chain I nternational, a global umbrella organization of factoring companies, India with just eight companies clocked a total turnover of Rs 19,860.5 crore in 2006 way below Japans Rs 4,15,789.1 crore Taiwans Rs 2,23,152. 6 crore and Chinas Rs 7,97,77.1 crore in Asia. The Indian factoring market has grown by 176 per cent from Rs 7,196.7 crore to Rs 19,860.5 crore between 2002 and 2006. Global leaders are the UK, France and Italy. Mr. Arvind Sonmale, MD CEO, Global Trade Finance Ltd, said: India accounts for 0.3 per cent of the world turnover. Even among Asian countries, Indias share works out to an insignificant 2.37 per cent. It is estimated further that the factoring market would grow to reach a volume of Rs 45,944 crore by end-2007. Given the vast size of the Indian SME sector, factoring, which is getting qualitatively revamped from time to time by newly updated product lines, is expected to grow in the long run. Roadblocks for Growth in India The overall worldwide growth in factoring is estimated at 12%. Europe has the largest market representing 64% of the world volumes with a growth of 18% during the year. Americas growth was 10%, whereas Australia recorded impressive growth of 40%. Asia saw a fall in volume. The growth trends mentioned above support the fact that there is enormous scope for expansion worldwide and India is no exception to this. The potential in India is estimated at an annual turnover of Rs. 15000 to Rs. 20000 cr, but large portion is untapped because of the following reasons:   1) Though Factoring is similar to Bill Discounting, What people fail to understand is that similarity is only in one aspect, i.e., both provide short term finance against receivables. Factoring also provides a package of other services which many people are not aware of.    2)  Recourse    factoring only provides financing but not credit covers, whereas in case of non-recourse factori ng, in the event of    default of a customer, the factor will bear the risk of bad debt.    However, the facility, which will attract more clients, is    almost missing, in India.      3) Factors have not been successful in creating awareness about    the concept of factoring. The difference between factoring    and bills discounting is still not clearly understood. The    customers are still not aware of the extra benefits and services    they can enjoy through factoring; they are not demanding these    services from factoring service providers. Â     4)Bankers do not permit their Customer to Shift their Business    to Factors: Every businessman invariably has dealings    with a bank. Hence, his banker does not permit him to shift his    account receivables business to a factor, but promises to    meet his requirements. A World Bank study says weak contr act enforcement institutions and tax, legal, and regulatory impediments will hamper factoring services. Factoring generally requires good historical credit information on all buyers; if unavailable, the factor takes on a large credit risk. It also points out that fraud represents another big problem in this industry (e.g. bogus receivables and non-existent customers). Mr. Laxman N. Sankade, Managing Director, Canbank Factors Ltd, said: For factoring to develop, it is imperative that an enabling legal environment be created and the Factoring Bill be passed in Parliament. It is also seen that a lot of weak companies would actually be able to tide over their liquidity problems if the receivables are acceptable to the factoring companies and which could be factored. According to Mr. Basab Majumdar, Head- Factoring and Receivables Finance, India, HSBC, Assignment of debt is still a cumbersome process and involves stamp duty which again is a State level subject and there is no unifo rmity in the rates of stamp duty across States. Moreover, every time a debt has to be assigned to the factor and stamp duty paid on the transaction, which has the potential of making the proposition expensive for the client. Most of the developed countries have implemented clear laws related to assignment/transfer of debt, bankruptcy, debt recovery, etc. Additionally in India, access to information on companies, their repayment performance with the banking system, etc is thinly available, which results in lack of information to decide on credit. According to Mr. Sankade, factoring in its true sense is factoring without recourse to the client. This may not be possible in India unless credit insurance is introduced in the country. In most of the Western countries, factoring is done without recourse, as they have the facility of credit insurance from insurance companies. Some of the factoring companies are also not happy with their status as non-banking finance company (NBFC). Mr . Sonmale said: We cant initiate summary proceedings. There is no protection under either Debt Recovery Tribunal (DRT) or the Securitisation Act. Mr. Sankade said they have been pitching for a good sub-classification under the NBFC as a factoring company which would be better to attract business. He said banks should see factoring as a product that is complementary and improves the risk profile of the receivables.